Constitución política
Dublin Core
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El Heraldo de la Revolución, the official organ of the Revolutionary Government, published the Malolos constitution after the Revolutionary Congress convened on September 15, 1898 and promulgated it after long debates on 20 January 1899.
The constitution had 93 articles, plus eight Transitional Provisions and an Additional one. A model of concision and sober style, the constitution was drawn upon the legacy of Spanish liberal constitutionalism, although its preface reminds of the US constitution with its “We, the Representatives of the Filipino People”. It provided division of powers, guaranteed opposition, and established a “popular, representative, alternative and responsible” government (Arts. 1-4), a presidential Republic with some features of a semi-presidential regime (Arts. 58-60), a Republic that was explicitly a free and independent republic, based on the sovereignty of the people alone, although it did not have any provisions on the electoral system nor on the right to vote.
One of the most striking features of the constitution is the extensive bill of rights on Title IV, which could easily pass for a current one. Malolos also recognized the freedom and equality of all religions, and the separation of Church and State (Article 5), one of the most divisive issues in the contention.
Source
Relation
Aguilar, Filomeno V. 2015. "Church-State Relations in the 1899 Malolos Constitution: Filipinization and Visions of National Community", Southeast Asian Studies 4 (2): 279-311.
Majul, Cesar Adib, and Leopoldo Y. Yabes. 1967. The political and constitutional ideas of the Philippine revolution. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press.
Majul, Cesar Adib. 1996. Mabini and the Philippine revolution. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press.
National Historical Institute (Philippines). 1999. The Malolos Congress. Ermita, Manila, Philippines: National Historical Institute.
Malcolm, George A. 1921. “The Malolos Constitution”, Political Science Quarterly 36, num. 1: 91–103.
Revenga Sánchez, Miguel. 2018. "La Constitución De Cádiz Y La Filipina De Malolos: Similaridades Y Diferencias", Estudios de Deusto 66 (1): 33-58.